Ancient Document Confirms “Legendary” African King Actually Existed

Archaeologists at Old Dongola uncovered a small Arabic order naming King Qashqash, likely dated to the late 16th or early 17th century.

The document records an exchange of textiles and livestock, suggesting Qashqash was a real ruler involved in everyday administration.

The find strengthens evidence for Nubian kingship in the Funj period and shows Arabic literacy in elite Sudanese society.

It offers rare direct insight into a little-known era linking Nubia, the Sultanate of Sennar, and neighboring regions.