If the question is whether trees and vegetation help combat the heat, Valencia’s Bioparc has the answer: 13 degrees less

Sensors at Valencia’s Bioparc found dense vegetation made the area feel 13°C cooler than nearby paved surfaces.

The report uses thermal comfort metrics, not air temperature alone, to capture how people actually experience heat.

Trees and parks reduce heat stress by providing shade and evapotranspiration, cutting solar radiation and improving comfort.

The findings reinforce urban tree cover and shaded public spaces as practical heat refuges during extreme heat.