Neanderthals drilled cavities to treat a toothache 59,000 years ago

Researchers found a 59,000-year-old Neanderthal molar from Chagyrskaya Cave with holes and tool marks consistent with deliberate drilling to remove decay.

Experimental tests matched the damage pattern, supporting the idea that this was a real ancient cavity treatment rather than accidental wear.

The procedure may have allowed the person to keep using the tooth for years, making it one of the clearest signs of prehistoric dental care.

The discovery suggests Neanderthals used targeted medical intervention and practical pain relief long before modern dentistry.